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Specialist Accreditation for Will Writers: STEP, SFE, and SOLLA Qualifications Compared

· 21 min

Executive Summary

The regulatory landscape for will writing practitioners has entered a period of unprecedented scrutiny. The SRA's December 2024 thematic review of probate and estate administration revealed that only three of forty individuals interviewed could explain the Statement of Solicitor Competence, while sixty percent of fee earners remained unaware of their duty to maintain competence.1 These findings emerge alongside the CMA's intensified oversight of the unregulated will writing sector and the Law Commission's May 2025 recommendations for a statutory Code of Practice applicable to anyone preparing wills professionally. This article provides an advanced comparative analysis of the three principal specialist accreditations relevant to will writing practice: STEP (Society of Trust and Estate Practitioners), SFE/Lifetime Lawyers (Solicitors for the Elderly), and SOLLA (Society of Later Life Advisers). Practitioners seeking to demonstrate competence and position themselves for forthcoming reforms require precise understanding of each credential's purpose.

1. Introduction: The Competence Crisis in Context

The December 2024 SRA thematic review presented findings that warrant serious reflection across the profession. Among twenty-five firms reviewed, fifteen had written competence policies in place, yet staff in seven of those firms remained unaware such policies existed.2 Twelve of twenty-five heads of department received zero oversight or peer review of their own work. File review revealed supervision evidence in only nine of thirty matters examined. The consistency of these deficiencies across multiple firms suggests systemic rather than isolated failures.

These statistics carry particular weight given that probate and estate administration generates the third-highest volume of reports to the SRA and accounts for among the largest Compensation Fund payouts historically.3 When practitioners fail to maintain competence, estates are maladministered, beneficiaries suffer financial loss, and vulnerable testators execute documents that fail to reflect their true intentions. The correlation between competence failures and client harm is neither theoretical nor speculative.

Against this backdrop, specialist accreditation has assumed heightened significance. The SRA thematic review noted membership of STEP, the Law Society WIQS, and the Association of Lifetime Lawyers among examples of good practice, specifically for the access such memberships provide to training resources and structured professional development frameworks.4 Professional credentials no longer function merely as marketing differentiators; they represent demonstrable evidence of commitment to competence maintenance that practitioners may need to produce under regulatory scrutiny.

Concurrent developments amplify this imperative. The CMA's October 2024 investigation into unregulated legal service providers documented concerns including aggressive upselling, pressure selling, coercion of vulnerable customers, and misleading advertising.5 Seven providers received formal cautions. The Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024, with enforcement powers effective April 2025, empowers the CMA to impose penalties of up to ten percent of annual global turnover for consumer protection breaches.6 The first investigations under these new powers were announced in November 2025, signalling that enforcement rhetoric has translated to regulatory action.

Most consequential for long-term practice development, the Law Commission's May 2025 Modernising Wills report recommends a Code of Practice to be issued under the Mental Capacity Act 2005, applicable to "anyone preparing a Will or assessing capacity in their role as a professional or for payment."7 This formulation encompasses both regulated solicitors and unregulated will writers, creating potential convergence between currently distinct regulatory frameworks. The recommendation addresses when capacity needs formal assessment, who should conduct such assessments, and the methodology to be employed. While the Government welcomed these recommendations, no legislative timetable has been confirmed. The November 2025 deadline for an interim Ministerial response passed without publication, and primary legislation has not been introduced as of January 2026.

2. STEP: The International Mark of Technical Excellence

Organisational Profile and Global Recognition

The Society of Trust and Estate Practitioners was founded in 1991 and has grown to encompass over 22,000 members globally, with approximately 8,000 practitioners based in the United Kingdom.8 The organisation maintains an international presence through more than one hundred branches across fifty-six countries, rendering the Trust and Estate Practitioner (TEP) designation the internationally recognised qualification for professionals advising on estate planning and trusts.

This international footprint carries substantial practical implications for practitioners advising clients with cross-border elements. Solicitors working with expatriate beneficiaries, overseas trust structures, or multi-jurisdictional estates benefit from membership in a global network operating under a unified Code of Professional Conduct. The TEP designation signals technical competence to overseas counterparts, institutional trustees, and foreign tax authorities in ways that purely domestic credentials cannot replicate. For practitioners seeking international referral relationships or career opportunities outside England and Wales, STEP membership provides portability that firm-specific or jurisdiction-limited credentials lack.

CLT International (CLTI) serves as STEP's primary training partner, delivering qualification programmes through distance learning materials, online resources, and workshop sessions. The partnership ensures consistent examination standards while providing delivery flexibility for working professionals.

Qualification Pathway: Certificate to TEP

STEP operates a structured qualification framework progressing through defined stages:9

STEP Certificate in Trusts and Estates (England and Wales): This entry-level qualification comprises sixty credits assessed via a five-hour open-book examination. The certificate establishes foundational knowledge across trusts, estates, and taxation. The open-book format tests application rather than rote memorisation, requiring candidates to navigate complex scenarios efficiently.

STEP Diploma: Achievement of the diploma requires completion of four Advanced Certificates, totalling one hundred and twenty credits. Each Advanced Certificate involves a six-month study programme combining online learning with workshop attendance, culminating in a five-hour open-book examination. Practitioners should anticipate two to three years for diploma completion while maintaining practice responsibilities.

Advanced Certificates relevant to will writing specialists include:

  • Will Preparation (England and Wales) — addressing drafting principles, testamentary capacity assessment, rules of construction, specific gift types, and common drafting errors. The six-month programme requires four to six hours of private study weekly, supplemented by three workshops.10
  • Administration of Estates (England and Wales) — covering grant applications, personal representative duties, distribution mechanics, and insolvent estate procedures
  • Administration of Trusts (England and Wales) — examining trustee duties, investment powers, beneficiary rights, and breach of trust remedies
  • Taxation of Trusts and Estates (England and Wales) — analysing inheritance tax computation, lifetime transfer rules, business and agricultural property relief, and income tax treatment

The Will Preparation assessment tests practical application to complex scenarios. Candidates face multi-part questions requiring analysis of client circumstances, identification of drafting issues, and production of clause drafts. This applied methodology distinguishes STEP qualifications from purely academic credentials.

Full TEP Membership Requirements

Attainment of TEP status requires more than examination success. The designation represents verified professional standing, not merely academic achievement. Candidates must demonstrate:

  • Completion of the STEP Diploma or alternative pathway qualifications
  • Minimum two years' current professional experience at mid-to-senior level
  • Significant involvement with trusts, estates, executorship, and related tax matters
  • Two independent professional referee statements attesting to competence
  • Commitment to the STEP Code of Professional Conduct
  • Fulfilment of ongoing CPD obligations

The experience requirement prevents newly qualified practitioners from obtaining TEP status without demonstrated practical competence. The referee requirement introduces external verification, as referees must confirm familiarity with the candidate's work over a meaningful period.

Alternative pathways exist for experienced practitioners. The Essay Route requires three master's-level essays and five years' post-qualification experience. Accredited Education Partner qualifications can also lead to membership when combined with appropriate experience.

Positioning for Law Commission Reforms

The Law Commission's recommended Code of Practice for testamentary capacity assessment would require anyone preparing wills professionally to follow guidance on when capacity requires formal assessment and appropriate methodologies.11 STEP's Will Preparation Advanced Certificate curriculum already addresses capacity assessment principles, including the current Banks v Goodfellow test, indicators requiring enhanced scrutiny, and documentation standards. Practitioners holding the Will Preparation Advanced Certificate can demonstrate existing familiarity with capacity assessment frameworks.

The recommendation to replace Banks v Goodfellow (1870) with the Mental Capacity Act 2005 statutory test remains pending. Banks v Goodfellow continues as current law for testamentary capacity as of January 2026. However, the Law Commission's reasoning—that a single capacity framework would reduce confusion—suggests practitioners should familiarise themselves with MCA 2005 principles regardless of implementation timing.

3. SFE/Lifetime Lawyers: Client Care Competence for Vulnerable Clients

Organisational Evolution and Specialist Focus

Solicitors for the Elderly, founded in 1996, rebranded as Lifetime Lawyers in 2023 while retaining the SFE name for its core accreditation programme.12 The organisation serves over 1,500 members comprising solicitors, barristers, and chartered legal executives. The rebranding reflected recognition that "elderly" carries potentially patronising connotations while "Lifetime Lawyers" better captures the full span of later life legal matters.

The fundamental distinction between SFE accreditation and STEP qualifications lies in scope. Where STEP emphasises technical legal and tax knowledge tested through rigorous examinations, SFE accreditation centres on client care skills specific to older and vulnerable clients. This distinction is frequently misunderstood by practitioners evaluating credential options.

The SRA thematic review findings illuminate why client care competence matters distinctly from technical knowledge. A solicitor may possess flawless will drafting technique while lacking the observational skills to recognise early dementia indicators, the communication techniques to obtain reliable instructions from a client with hearing impairment, or the sensitivity to identify potential undue influence from accompanying family members. The client harm arising from such deficiencies differs in character from drafting errors but proves equally consequential.

Eligibility Requirements Ensuring Genuine Specialisation

SFE membership imposes threshold requirements that preclude casual acquisition:

  • Fully qualified, regulated, and insured status as solicitor, barrister, or chartered legal executive
  • Minimum fifty percent of practice time working with older and vulnerable clients
  • Minimum three years' experience advising across older client legal issues
  • Demonstrated specialist knowledge spanning multiple relevant practice areas

The fifty percent practice time threshold deserves particular attention. Unlike credentials available to any practitioner willing to complete assessment requirements, SFE membership is restricted to those whose practice genuinely centres on older client matters. This restriction ensures the SFE member directory genuinely identifies specialists rather than practitioners holding credentials for marketing advantage alone.

The Older Client Care in Practice Award

All new SFE members must complete the Older Client Care in Practice Award (OCCP) within eight weeks of joining.13 The assessment comprises:

  • Sixty multiple-choice questions delivered online
  • Ninety-minute duration
  • Seventy percent pass mark (forty-two of sixty questions)
  • Two permitted attempts before additional training requirements
  • Accreditation by SFJ Awards (a UK-regulated awarding organisation)
  • Level 6-7 qualification classification

The OCCP does not assess legal knowledge. Its focus is explicitly on non-legal competencies that technical legal training typically neglects:

  • Understanding key illnesses affecting older clients: dementia variants, hearing and sight impairment, mobility limitations, medication effects on cognition
  • Communication techniques: adapting pace and vocabulary; recognising when comprehension appears compromised
  • Capacity assessment indicators: warning signs requiring formal medical assessment, documentation standards
  • Vulnerability identification: recognising potential exploitation and undue influence patterns
  • Client care approaches: environmental considerations, fatigue management, appointment structuring

A solicitor with extensive technical expertise might fail OCCP questions on recognising Lewy body dementia presentations or communication adaptations for clients with Meniere's disease. The assessment tests competencies that legal education does not systematically address.

Practice Coverage and Ongoing Obligations

SFE membership covers will writing, Lasting Powers of Attorney, tax planning, trusts, probate administration, care funding, NHS Continuing Healthcare, Court of Protection proceedings, and elder abuse protection.

Ongoing obligations include annual competence statements, adherence to the SFE Code of Practice, upload of client care procedure documents, and OCCP retest every five years ensuring continued currency.

Membership costs comprise a GBP 235 joining fee (including assessment fees and lifetime knowledgebase licence) and GBP 175 annual membership. The relatively modest cost structure reflects the organisation's not-for-profit ethos.

Strategic Combination with STEP Credentials

The most robust credential combination for will writing specialists serving older clients pairs STEP technical qualifications with SFE client care accreditation. STEP demonstrates mastery of drafting principles through examined technical competence. SFE evidences competence in identifying vulnerability and communicating appropriately through practice-focused assessment.

Neither credential alone covers the full competence spectrum. A TEP without SFE accreditation may excel technically while missing vulnerability indicators. An SFE member without STEP qualifications may identify client concerns while producing technically deficient documents. Practitioners committed to comprehensive competence demonstration should consider both credentials as complementary.

4. SOLLA: Clarifying the Financial Adviser Distinction

Critical Professional Classification

The Society of Later Life Advisers was founded in 2008 focused on financial advice for older clients.14 Its primary audience comprises FCA-regulated financial advisers, not lawyers.

This distinction requires emphatic clarification because SOLLA is frequently cited alongside STEP and SFE in later life qualification discussions without adequate explanation of the fundamentally different professional population served. Solicitors cannot obtain SOLLA accreditation because it requires FCA-regulated adviser status that solicitors do not hold. Holding SOLLA accreditation does not qualify anyone to provide legal services or draft wills. Articles comparing STEP, SFE, and SOLLA without acknowledging this distinction mislead practitioners into believing these represent alternative pathways.

Later Life Adviser Accreditation Requirements

The Later Life Adviser Accreditation (LLAA) represents SOLLA's gold standard credential. Entry requirements include FCA-regulated adviser status, Level 4 competency sign-off, current Statement of Professional Standing, Level 4 financial planning qualification, equity release qualification, and long-term care qualification.

The accreditation process spans four standards:15 professional qualifications verification, supportive environment assessment, CPD review, and a VIVA examination comprising a one-to-one interview with an independent auditor testing knowledge application and soft skills.

The VIVA assessment distinguishes SOLLA from paper-based certification, requiring candidates to demonstrate competence under questioning rather than merely documenting qualifications. Auditors explore scenario handling, ethical decision-making, and practical application.

Costs are significant: GBP 1,050 for non-Associate members, GBP 750 for Associates, plus annual membership of GBP 414. Full re-accreditation every five years at GBP 750 maintains the credential.

Relevance for Solicitors

While SOLLA accreditation remains inaccessible to solicitors, understanding the credential carries professional value. SOLLA-accredited financial advisers represent potential referral partners. Estate planning frequently requires coordination between legal and financial advice, particularly where clients require pension guidance alongside will drafting, care funding plans interact with asset protection, or equity release affects estate values.

Recognising SOLLA accreditation enables solicitors to identify financial advisers with demonstrated later life competence. The LLAA receives recognition from the London Institute of Banking and Finance and the Personal Finance Society (thirty credits toward Fellowship).16

5. Law Society WIQS: Firm-Level Quality Framework

Structural Distinction from Individual Credentials

The Law Society's Wills and Inheritance Quality Scheme operates at firm rather than individual level.17 Eligibility is restricted to SRA-authorised firms, excluding alternative business structures without SRA authorisation.

Individual credentials demonstrate personal competence; WIQS accreditation evidences systematic quality management across an organisation. Clients seeking assurance that a firm operates appropriate processes benefit from WIQS indicators. Practitioners joining WIQS-accredited firms benefit from established frameworks supporting competence maintenance.

Accreditation Requirements

WIQS accreditation requires:

  • Senior responsible officer and head of department with minimum three years' experience in will drafting and estate administration
  • Compliance with the Wills and Inheritance Protocol covering eight key aspects
  • Core Practice Management Standards compliance (Lexcel or CQS holders achieve automatic compliance)
  • DBS checks for relevant persons
  • Mandatory training with annual reaccreditation
  • Update training within six months for existing staff when requirements change

The application process typically requires six to eight weeks.

Interaction with Individual Credentials

WIQS does not replace individual professional development through STEP, SFE, or equivalent credentials. The SRA thematic review documented that fifteen of twenty-five firms had competence policies while staff in seven firms remained unaware of their existence.18 This finding demonstrates that firm-level frameworks cannot substitute for individual practitioner engagement with competence maintenance.

WIQS creates supervision structures and training obligations. Individual credentials ensure practitioners possess competence to perform effectively within those structures. A WIQS-accredited firm employing individually credentialed practitioners achieves layered assurance that neither mechanism provides alone.

6. The Unregulated Sector: Market Context and Convergence

Market Scale

The CMA estimated that 3,800 or more unregulated legal service providers operate in England and Wales, a figure described as rising.19 Research consistently indicates that a significant proportion of consumers incorrectly assume all will writing services are regulated, exposing them to risk when engaging unregulated providers without understanding the absence of SRA oversight, compensation fund protection, or mandatory insurance requirements.

Professional bodies serving unregulated will writers include the Society of Will Writers (requiring GBP 2 million PI insurance and twenty-four hours CPD annually) and the Institute of Professional Willwriters (requiring entrance examination and CTSI-endorsed Code of Practice).

Law Commission Code of Practice Implications

The recommended Code of Practice would apply to "anyone preparing a Will or assessing capacity in their role as a professional or for payment."20 Should the recommendation proceed to legislation, competence expectations would align across the regulated/unregulated divide for capacity assessment specifically.

For solicitors, this reinforces existing SRA obligations while providing clearer guidance on capacity assessment expectations. For unregulated practitioners, it would represent material new enforceable standards. The recommendation signals movement toward activity-based functional regulation rather than provider-status regulation.

7. Strategic Credential Selection

Career Stage Considerations

Early career practitioners should prioritise STEP Certificate and Advanced Certificates. The structured examination framework provides demonstrable evidence of technical competence verified through external assessment. Beginning STEP qualifications early establishes specialism commitment before career patterns become fixed. The two-year experience requirement for TEP status means early qualification commencement positions practitioners for membership eligibility when experience thresholds are met.

Mid-career specialists benefit from combining STEP TEP status with SFE accreditation. This addresses both technical depth and client care competence, covering the full spectrum identified in SRA enforcement priorities. Mid-career is also appropriate for the STEP Essay Route for those with extensive experience but incomplete formal examinations.

Partners and heads of department face particular exposure given thematic review findings that twelve of twenty-five received zero oversight of their own work.21 STEP CPD requirements and SFE annual competence statements create external accountability frameworks when internal supervision does not apply. Partners should also consider WIQS accreditation for systematic firm-wide quality frameworks.

Practice Focus Alignment

Practice Focus Primary Credential Complementary Credential
Technical will drafting and tax planning STEP TEP SFE (if older client base)
Older and vulnerable client specialisation SFE STEP Will Preparation Certificate
General private client practice STEP Certificate + Advanced Certificates WIQS (firm level)
Cross-border estate planning STEP TEP (international recognition) Jurisdiction-specific qualifications
Care funding and NHS Continuing Healthcare SFE SOLLA awareness for referral relationships

8. Risk Mitigation and Regulatory Positioning

Credential Value Under Enforcement Scrutiny

Following SRA enforcement actions, the ability to demonstrate membership of recognised professional bodies and completion of assessed qualifications provides evidence of competence maintenance efforts.

The December 2024 thematic review highlighted professional body membership as a positive practice indicator.22 When regulatory scrutiny increases—as current SRA priorities suggest will occur in probate and estate administration—membership records and CPD logs constitute contemporaneous evidence that practitioners cannot retrospectively create.

Firms facing SRA visits can demonstrate systematic competence maintenance through collective credential holdings and training completion. The thematic review explicitly noted STEP and SFE membership among good practice indicators, providing regulatory validation of credential relevance.

Preparing for Capacity Assessment Code of Practice

Practitioners with existing credentials addressing capacity assessment—particularly STEP Will Preparation Advanced Certificate and SFE OCCP—can demonstrate pre-existing familiarity with capacity assessment frameworks.

The strategic value lies in evidencing systematic prior engagement with capacity assessment competence. Practitioners who have never formally studied capacity assessment principles will face steeper learning curves when specific Code requirements emerge.

Conclusion

The converging pressures of SRA competence enforcement, CMA scrutiny of unregulated providers, and Law Commission reform recommendations have elevated specialist accreditation from optional career enhancement to near-essential risk mitigation. The December 2024 thematic review findings—that only three of forty individuals could explain the Statement of Solicitor Competence—demonstrate that holding a practising certificate alone provides insufficient assurance.

STEP, SFE, and SOLLA serve fundamentally different professional purposes. STEP delivers internationally recognised technical qualification through rigorous examination. SFE certifies client care competence for those working with older and vulnerable individuals through practice-focused assessment. SOLLA accredits financial advisers, not lawyers, though represents a valuable referral network.

Practitioners should select credentials aligned with their practice focus, career trajectory, and client base composition. The combination of STEP technical qualifications with SFE client care accreditation represents the most comprehensive coverage for will writing specialists serving older clients.

The Law Commission's recommended Code of Practice for testamentary capacity, applicable to anyone preparing wills professionally, signals forthcoming convergence between regulated and unregulated practitioner expectations. Those who have demonstrated specialist competence through rigorous accreditation programmes will evidence compliance readiness. Those without such credentials face retrospective competence demonstration under heightened scrutiny.

Professional development investment decisions made in 2026 will determine practice resilience for the decade ahead. The regulatory direction is clear; the question is whether practitioners will position themselves in advance of enforcement or respond reactively to competence challenges they could have anticipated.

CPD Declaration

Estimated Reading Time: 20 minutes Technical Level: Advanced Practice Areas: Will Writing, Estate Planning, Private Client, Professional Development

Learning Objectives

Upon completing this article, practitioners will be able to:

  1. Distinguish between STEP, SFE, and SOLLA accreditations and identify which credentials serve legal practitioners versus financial advisers
  2. Evaluate the technical examination requirements and ongoing CPD obligations for STEP TEP designation against SFE client care competence assessment
  3. Apply criteria for selecting appropriate credential combinations based on practice focus, career stage, and client base composition
  4. Analyse the implications of the Law Commission's recommended capacity assessment Code of Practice for current credentialing decisions and future professional standards

SRA Competency Mapping

  • A2: Maintain the level of competence and legal knowledge needed to practise effectively
  • A4: Draw on a sufficient detailed knowledge and understanding of their field(s) of work in order to practise effectively
  • B4: Identify, assess and manage risks to clients, self and organisation

Reflective Questions

  1. How would your practice evidence competence in testamentary capacity assessment if required to demonstrate compliance with the Law Commission's recommended Code of Practice?
  2. Which combination of specialist accreditations would best address competence gaps in your current practice, and what timeline would achieve those credentials?
  3. What oversight mechanisms exist for senior practitioners in your firm, and how do these compare with the deficiencies identified in the SRA thematic review?

Professional Disclaimer

The information presented reflects the regulatory and legislative position as of 2026-01-28. Regulations, tax rules, and professional guidance are subject to change. Readers should independently verify all information before acting and seek advice from appropriately qualified solicitors, financial advisors, or other professionals for their specific circumstances.

Neither WUHLD nor the author accepts liability for any actions taken or decisions made based on the content of this article. Professional readers are reminded of their own regulatory obligations and duty of care to their clients.

Footnotes

Footnotes

  1. SRA Probate and Estate Administration Thematic Review (December 2024). https://www.sra.org.uk/sra/research-publications/probate-administration-thematic-review/ ↩

  2. SRA Probate and Estate Administration Thematic Review (December 2024). https://www.sra.org.uk/sra/research-publications/probate-administration-thematic-review/ ↩

  3. SRA Probate Training Records Review (December 2024). https://www.sra.org.uk/sra/research-publications/probate-training-records-review/ ↩

  4. SRA Probate and Estate Administration Thematic Review (December 2024). https://www.sra.org.uk/sra/research-publications/probate-administration-thematic-review/ ↩

  5. CMA Open Letter to Unregulated Legal Service Providers (October 2024). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/67062f3de84ae1fd8592f01c/CMA_open_letter_final.pdf ↩

  6. Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2024/13/contents ↩

  7. Law Commission Modernising Wills Final Report (May 2025). https://lawcom.gov.uk/publication/modernising-wills-final-report/ ↩

  8. STEP About Page (2025). https://www.step.org/about-step ↩

  9. STEP Qualifications and Membership Framework (2025). https://www.step.org/qualifications-courses/qualifications-and-membership-framework ↩

  10. STEP Advanced Certificate Will Preparation (England and Wales) (2025). https://www.step.org/advanced-certificates/step-advanced-certificate-will-preparation-england-and-wales ↩

  11. Law Commission Modernising Wills Final Report (May 2025). https://lawcom.gov.uk/publication/modernising-wills-final-report/ ↩

  12. SFE/Lifetime Lawyers About Page (2025). https://sfe.legal/ ↩

  13. SFE Accreditation Requirements (2025). https://sfe.legal/Public/Become-a-member/Accreditation/ ↩

  14. SOLLA About Page (2025). https://societyoflaterlifeadvisers.co.uk/ ↩

  15. SOLLA Accreditation (2025). https://societyoflaterlifeadvisers.co.uk/accreditation ↩

  16. SOLLA Accreditation (2025). https://societyoflaterlifeadvisers.co.uk/accreditation ↩

  17. Law Society Wills and Inheritance Quality Scheme (2025). https://www.lawsociety.org.uk/topics/firm-accreditations/wills-and-inheritance-quality-scheme/ ↩

  18. SRA Probate and Estate Administration Thematic Review (December 2024). https://www.sra.org.uk/sra/research-publications/probate-administration-thematic-review/ ↩

  19. CMA Open Letter to Unregulated Legal Service Providers (October 2024). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/67062f3de84ae1fd8592f01c/CMA_open_letter_final.pdf ↩

  20. Law Commission Modernising Wills Final Report (May 2025). https://lawcom.gov.uk/publication/modernising-wills-final-report/ ↩

  21. SRA Probate and Estate Administration Thematic Review (December 2024). https://www.sra.org.uk/sra/research-publications/probate-administration-thematic-review/ ↩

  22. SRA Probate and Estate Administration Thematic Review (December 2024). https://www.sra.org.uk/sra/research-publications/probate-administration-thematic-review/ ↩